EDU-05.2 Assignment ๐ฃ๐น๐ฎ๐ป๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด-๐ฅ๐ฒ๐น๐ฒ๐๐ฎ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ, ๐ก๐ฎ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฒ/๐๐ต๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐ฃ๐น๐ฎ๐ป๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด, ๐ฅ๐ผ๐น๐ฒ, ๐ฆ๐ถ๐ด๐ป๐ถ๐ณ๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐๐ฑ๐๐ฎ๐ป๐๐ฎ๐ด๐ฒ๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐น๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ป๐ถ๐ป๐ด, ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ฟ ๐ฝ๐น๐ฎ๐ป, ๐จ๐ป๐ถ๐ ๐ฝ๐น๐ฎ๐ป, ๐๐ฒ๐๐๐ผ๐ป ๐ฝ๐น๐ฎ๐ป
๐๐ก๐ง๐ฅ๐ข๐๐จ๐๐ง๐ON
Planning in education is a foundational process that ensures a structured and effective approach to teaching and learning. It involves anticipating and organizing the steps required to achieve educational goals. The relevance of planning lies in its ability to provide clarity and direction, bridging the gap between current realities and desired outcomes. By understanding the nature and characteristics of planning—such as its intellectual and continuous nature—teachers can systematically address instructional challenges. The role and significance of planning are evident in its capacity to reduce uncertainty, enhance resource utilization, and foster innovation. Year plans outline long-term objectives, unit plans break these objectives into manageable sections, and lesson plans detail daily instructional strategies. Together, these plans form a cohesive framework that supports both teachers and students in achieving educational success.
Planning- Relevance
In simple words, planning is deciding in advance what is to be done, when where, how and by whom it is to be done. Planning bridges the gap from where we are to where we want to go. It includes the selection of objectives, policies, procedures and programs from among alternatives. A plan is a predetermined course of action to achieve a specified goal. It is an intellectual process characterized by thinking before doing. It is an attempt on the part of manager to anticipate the future in order to achieve better performance. Planning is the primary function of management.
Definitions of Planning
Different authors have given different definitions of planning from time to time. The main definitions of planning are as follows:
According to Alford and Beatt, “Planning is the thinking process, the organized foresight, the vision based on fact and experience that is required for intelligent action.”
According to Theo Haimann, “Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. When a manager plans, he projects a course of action for further attempting to achieve a consistent co-ordinate structure of operations aimed at the desired results.
According to Billy E. Goetz, “Planning is fundamentally choosing and a planning problem arises when an alternative course of action is discovered.”
According to Koontz and O’ Donnell, “Planning is an intellectual process, conscious determination of course of action, the basing of decision on purpose, facts and considered
estimates.”
According to Allen, “A plan is a trap laid to capture the future.”
Nature/Characteristics of Planning
The main characteristics or nature of planning is given below:
1. Planning is an intellectual process
Planning is an intellectual process of thinking in advance. It is a process of deciding the future on the series of events to follow. Planning is a process where a number of steps are to be taken to decide the future course of action. Managers or executives have to consider various courses of action, achieve the desired goals, go in details of the pros and cons of every course of action and then finally decide what course of action may suit them best.
2. Planning contributes to the objectives
Planning contributes positively in attaining the objectives of the business enterprise. Since plans are there from the very first stage of operation, the management is able to handle every problem successfully. Plans try to set everything right. A purposeful, sound and effective planning process knows how and when to tackle a problem. This leads to success. Objectives thus are easily achieved.
3. Planning is a primary function of management
Planning precedes other functions in the management process. Certainly, setting of goals to be achieved and lines of action to be followed precedes the organization, direction, supervision and
control. No doubt, planning precedes other functions of management. It is primary requisite before other managerial functions step in. But all functions are inter-connected. It is mixed in all managerial functions but there too it gets precedence. It thus gets primary everywhere.
4. A continuous process
Planning is a continuous process and a never ending activity of a manager in an enterprise based upon some assumptions which may or may not come true in the future. Therefore, the manager has to go on modifying revising and adjusting plans in the light of changing circumstances. According to George R. Terry, “Planning is a continuous process and there is no end to it. It involves continuous collection, evaluation and selection of data, and scientific investigation and analysis of the possible
alternative courses of action and the selection of the best alternative.”
5. Planning pervades managerial activities
From primary of planning follows pervasiveness of planning. It is the function of every managerial
personnel. The character, nature and scope of planning may change from personnel to personnel but the planning as an action remains intact. According to Billy E. Goetz, “Plans cannot make an enterprise successful. Action is required, the enterprise must operate managerial planning seeks to achieve a consistent, coordinated structure of operations focused on desired trends. Without plans, action must become merely activity producing nothing but chaos.”
Role, Significance and Advantages of Planning
An organization without planning is like a sailboat minus its rudder. Without planning, organization, are subject to the winds of organizational change. Planning is one of the most important and crucial
functions of management. According to Koontz and O’Donnell, “Without planning business becomes random in nature and decisions become meaningless and adhoc choices.” According to Geroge R.
Terry, “Planning is the foundation of most successful actions of any enterprise.” Planning becomes necessary due to the following reasons:
1. Reduction of uncertainty
Future is always full of uncertainties. A business organization has to function in these uncertainties.
It can operate successfully if it is able to predict the uncertainties. Some of the uncertainties can be predicted by undertaking systematic. Some of the uncertainties can be predicted by undertaking systematic forecasting. Thus, planning helps in foreseeing uncertainties which may be caused by changes in technology, fashion and taste of people, government rules and regulations, etc.
2. Better utilization of resources
An important advantage of planning is that it makes effective and proper utilization of enterprise resources. It identifies all such available resources and makes optimum use of these resources.
3. Increases organizational effectiveness
Planning ensures organizational effectiveness. Effectiveness ensures that the organization is in a position to achieve its objective due to increased efficiency of the organization.
4. Reduces the cost of performance
Planning assists in reducing the cost of performance. It includes the selection of only one course of action amongst the different courses of action that would yield the best results at minimum cost. It removes hesitancy, avoids crises and chaos, eliminates false steps and protects against improper deviations.
5. Concentration on objectives
It is a basic characteristic of planning that it is related to the organizational objectives. All the operations are planned to achieve the organizational objectives. Planning facilitates the achievement of objectives by focusing attention on them. It requires the clear definition of objectives so that most appropriate alternative courses of action are chosen.
6. Helps in co-ordination
Good plans unify the interdepartmental activity and clearly lay down the area of freedom in the development of various sub-plans. Various departments work in accordance with the overall plans of
the organization.
7. Makes control effective
Planning and control are inseparable in the sense that unplanned action cannot be controlled because control involves keeping activities on the predetermined course by rectifying deviations from plans. Planning helps control by furnishing standards of performance.
8. Encouragement to innovation
Planning helps innovative and creative thinking among the managers because many new ideas come to the mind of a manager when he is planning. It creates a forward-looking attitude among the
managers.
9. Increase in competitive strength
Effective planning gives a competitive edge to the enterprise over other enterprises that do not have planning or have ineffective planning. This is because planning may involve expansion of capacity, changes in work methods, changes in quality, anticipation of tastes and fashions of people and technological changes etc.
10. Delegation is facilitated
A good plan always facilitates delegation of authority in a better way to subordinates.
Year Plan
An year plan sets out the goals and pacing for the whole year, and clearly explains the methods and strategies that would be adopted in the course of the academic year, the kind of activities that will be employed, the content that will be covered, the time that will be specifically allotted and the kinds of assessment procedures that will be used.
Unit Plan
In simple terms, a unit plan is simply a shorter-term, more detailed view of the teaching map than an year plan. It fouses on the Unit to be taught and lists out the stretegies to be adopted, methods to be used, teaching materials that will be employed, the time that is to be allotted and the time that will be allotted for the completion of the unit. The unit planning provides the teacher with a sense of
direction and organization that again helps the teacher and the class to achieve the instructional objectives successfully.
Lesson Plan / Template
A lesson plan is a teacher's detailed description of the course of instruction, or 'learning trajectory' for a lesson. A daily lesson plan is developed by a teacher to guide class learning. Details will vary
depending on the preference of the teacher, subject being covered, and the needs of the students. A lesson plan is the teacher's guide for running a particular lesson, and it includes the goal (what the students are supposed to learn), how the goal will be reached (the method, procedure) and a way of measuring how well the goal was reached (test, worksheet, homework etc.).
Advantages of Lesson Planning
1. It inspires the teacher to improve the further lessons.
2. It helps the teacher in evaluating his teaching.
3. It develops self confidence in the teacher.
4. Proper care is taken on take into consideration, the level and previous knowledge of students.
5. The teaching matter is organised in a time-frame.
6. It inspires the teacher to ask proper and important questions.
7. It provides guidance to the teacher as to what and home he should teach.
8. It helps in creating the interest of students towards the lesson.
9. It stimulates the teacher to think in an organised manner.
10. It helps the teacher to understand to objectives properly.
Limitations of Lesson-Planning
1. In new or odd situations teacher feels himself helpless.
2. Sometimes simple matters become complicated.
3. More time is required to plan a lesson.
4. Teacher cannot work/teach independently.
5. There is lack of flexibility in lesson-planning.
6. The teaching process becomes more difficult.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, planning serves as a cornerstone for effective execution in educational and organizational contexts. Its relevance lies in providing clarity, direction, and structure to achieve desired goals. The nature of planning, whether long-term or short-term, reflects its dynamic and systematic approach to addressing challenges and seizing opportunities. Planning plays a critical role by aligning resources and efforts, ensuring coherence, and enhancing decision-making processes. Its significance is evident in fostering efficiency, reducing uncertainty, and enabling proactive adaptation. The advantages of planning, such as improved focus, accountability, and goal achievement, further underscore its value. Year plans, unit plans, and lesson plans exemplify the practical application of planning in education, ensuring a well-rounded and goal-oriented learning experience. Through thoughtful and strategic planning, success becomes not just a possibility but a well-charted reality.
